印度洋中脊热液区生物多样性完成阶段性研究
印度洋中脊类型多样,发育有多个热液区和独特的生物群落,且拥有最多的多金属硫化物勘探合同区,但对其生物多样性的调查和研究却最少。为应对将来可能的深海采矿以及公海保护区,当前亟需从整体上认识印度洋各个区域热液区生物的多样性及特殊性,同时识别和划分生物区系,为建立区域生物多样性保护提供区域框架。早期国外的研究主要集中在中印度洋中脊热液区。而鉴于热液区生物多样性高度区域化的特征,这些研究显然无法满足当前需求。近5年来,MED大洋生态研究团队的周亚东博士联合国内外多家研究机构,系统整合中国大洋调查航次、日本印度洋调查航次获得的样品资料以及公开发表的数据,从多个层面对印度洋三条洋脊热液区的生物多样性开展研究。相关结果陆续发表在Zootaxa, Zookeys, Deep-Sea Research Part I, Frontiers in Marine Science, Royal Society Open Science和Diversity and Distribution等学术期刊。该团队系统描述了西北印度洋卡尔斯伯格脊和西南印度洋中脊6个热液区生物群落,确定物种名录103种;完成1新属、15新种的鉴定和命名;基于分子系统进化分析,揭示部分物种的进化来源;对于部分印度洋特有的跨洋脊广布种,应用遗传多样性分析手段,揭示了其跨洋脊的群体遗传结构,初步划分出具有不同遗传背景的群体的分布边界。针对印度洋热液区分区,该团队于2018年首次提出西南印度洋脊南、北段热液区可能对应不同的生物分区后,认识到印度洋热液生物多样性的分区可能有更精细的结构。在此基础上,进一步整合来自印度洋三条洋脊11个热液区的数据,拆分β多样性,选用其中的物种转换组分将11个热液区分为三个生物省:卡脊省(包括卡尔斯伯格脊三个热液区)、中印度洋省(包括中印度洋中脊所有热液区以及西南印度洋中脊北部的天成热液区)和西南印度洋省(包括西南印度洋中脊南部的热液区)。这种区域间差异既有地理距离的贡献,也可能与相邻两省间密集的转换断层/断裂带带来的隔离效应有关。这一分区模型同时也与部分广布种明显的遗传结构对应。团队基于多样性分布格局以及群体遗传多样性特征对各省热液区保护价值进行了初步评估:卡脊省的卧蚕热液区和西南印度洋省的龙旂热液区在各省内具有最高的多样性保护价值,而中印度洋省的保护措施可能需要同时施加于这几个热液区以尽可能保存该省的多样性。这些研究结果将为印度洋中脊区域环境管理计划的制定和海洋保护区的选划及生物多样性保护提供科学依据。图1 印度洋热液区报道的新物种图2 印度洋中脊识别的三个生物省以及部分广布种的遗传结构相关发表论文: [1] Zhou Y, Chen C, Zhang D et al., 2022. Delineating biogeographic regions in Indian Ocean deep-sea vents and implications for conservation. Diversity and Distribution, 10.1111/ddi.13535.[2] Han Y, Zhang D, Wang C & Zhou Y. 2021. Out of the Pacific: A New Alvinellid Worm (Annelida: Terebellida) From the Northern Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Vents. Frontiers in Marine Science 8, 669918.[3] Chen C, Zhou Y, Watanabe HK, et al., 2021. Neolepetopsid true limpets (Gastropoda: Patellogastropoda) from Indian Ocean hot vents shed light on relationships among genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society zlab081.[4] Chen C, Han Y, Copley JT & Zhou Y. 2021. A new peltospirid snail (Gastropoda: Neomphalida) adds to the unique biodiversity of Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge. Journal of Natural History, 55(13-14), 851-866.[5] Sun J, Zhou Y, Chen C, et al., 2020. Nearest vent, dearest friend: Biodiversity of Tiancheng vent field reveals unexpected cross-ridge similarities in the Indian Ocean. Royal Society Open Science, 7: 200110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200110.[6] Wang Z, Xu T, Zhang Y, et al., 2020. Molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses of the ‘monospecific’ Hesiolyra (Annelida: Hesionidae) reveal two new species. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 166: 103401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103401.[7] Zhou Y, Wang Y, Li Y, et al.,. 2020. First report of Osedax in the Indian Ocean indicative of trans-oceanic dispersal through the Southern Ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 50:4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-01034-x.[8] Zhou Y, Chen C, Sun Y, Watanabe HK, Zhang R & Wang C*. 2019. Amphisamytha (Annelida: Ampharetidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents: Biogeographic implications. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 154: 103148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.103148.[9] Zhou Y, Zhang D, Zhang R, et al., 2018. Characterization of vent fauna at three hydrothermal vent fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge: implications for biogeography and interannual dynamics on ultraslow-spreading ridges. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 137: 1–12. [10] Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang D & Wang C. 2018. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Zootaxa, 4482(3): 527–540.[11] Chen C, Zhou Y, Wang C & Copley JT. Two New Hot-Vent Peltospirid Snails (Gastropoda: Neomphalina) from Longqi Hydrothermal Field, Southwest Indian Ridge. Frontiers in Marine Science 2017, 4:392.[12] Zhang D, Zhou Y, Wang C & Rouse GW. 2017. A new species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida, Eunicida, Dorvilleidae) from hydrothermal vents on the Southwest Indian Ridge. Zookey, 687:1-9.[13] Zhou Y, Zhang D, Lu B & Wang C. 2017. Description of a new branchiate scale-worm (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) from the hydrothermal vent on Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge. Zootaxa, 4282(1):123-134.
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